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organophosphorus compound
Organophosphorus compounds are degradable organic compounds containing carbon–phosphorus bonds (thus excluding phosphate and phosphite esters, which lack this kind of bonding), used primarily in pest control as an alternative to chlorinated hydrocarbons that persist in the environment. Organophosphorus chemistry is the corresponding science of the properties and reactivity of organophosphorus compounds. Phosphorus shares group 5 in the periodic table with nitrogen, and thus phosphorus compounds and nitrogen compounds have many similar properties.〔Dillon, K. B.; Mathey, F.; Nixon, J. F. (1997) ''Phosphorus. The Carbon Copy''; John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-97360-2〕〔Quin, L. D. (2000) ''A Guide to Organophosphorus Chemistry''; John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-31824-8〕〔Racke, K.D. (1992). "Degradation of organophosphorus insecticides in environmental matrices", pp. 47–73 in: Chambers, J.E., Levi, P.E. (eds.), Organophosphates: Chemistry, Fate, and Effects. Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN 0121673456.〕
These compounds are highly effective insecticides, though some are also lethal to humans at minuscule doses (nerve gas) and include some of the most toxic substances ever created by man.
The definition of organophosphorus compounds is variable, which can lead to confusion. In industrial and environmental chemistry, an organophosphorus compound need contain only an organic substituent, but need not have a direct phosphorus-carbon (P-C) bond. Thus a large proportion of pesticides (e.g., malathion), are often included in this class of compounds.
Phosphorus can adopt a variety of oxidation states, and it is general to classify organophosphorus compounds based on their being derivatives of phosphorus(V) vs phosphorus(III), which are the predominant classes of compounds. In a descriptive but only intermittently used nomenclature, phosphorus compounds are identified by their coordination number δ and their valency λ. In this system, a phosphine is a δ3λ3 compound.
==Organophosphorus(V) compounds, main categories==
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